REASONING QUESTIONS IN P BLOCK ELEMENTS
1.Ammonia has higher boiling point than phosphine. Why?
2.Which hydride of group 15 elements has lowest boiling point?
3. Give the names of three allotropes of phosphorus? Which out of these is most reactive?
4.Give one function (or use) of nitrolim (CaCN2+C)
5.Give reactions for the manufacture of nitric acid, by Ostwald's process.
6. Why does ammonia act as a Lewis base?
7.Nitrous acid (HNO2) acts both as an oxidising agent as well as reducing agent. How?
8.Why all the five bonds in PCl5 are not equivalent? Explain.
9.Why conc. HNO3 turns yellow on exposure to sunlight?
10.Why PCl5 is known but PI5 is not known?
11.Why pentahalides of Phosphorus are formed but penta-halides of nitrogen are not formed?
12. What are 3 isotopes of oxygen? Out of them which is radioactive?
13. What are 'amphoteric oxides' and 'neutral oxides'?
14. Like all other first elements of the groups, why oxygen shows anomalous behaviour?
15. Write the structural formula of :
H2SO4, H2S2O8, H2SO3
16. SF6 is known but SCl6 is not known. Why?
17. Although fluorine is the most electronegative halogen, even then it is the weakest acid
among hydrogen halides. Why?
18. F2 is better oxidising agent than Cl2. Explain.
19. H2S is a gas and H2O is a liquid. Why?
20. Why chlorine shows bleaching action?
21. H3PO4 is triprotic acid Or H3PO3 is diprotic acid. Why?
22. Why does NO2 dimerise?
23. Why does oxygen not show +4 and +6 oxidation states like sulphur?
24. Give 2 uses of He, Ne, Ar, Kr & Xe, Rn (noble gases)
25. Why noble gases have low boiling points?
26.Though nitrogen exhibits +5 oxidation state, it does not form pentahalide. Give reason.
Ans: Nitrogen valence electronic configuration ns2np3 due to absence empty d- orbitals, it can not extend its valence to 5
27. PH3 has lower boiling point than NH3. Why?
Ans: Unlike NH3, PH3 molecules are not associated through hydrogen bonding in liquid state. That is why the boiling point of PH3 is lower than NH3.
28. Why are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides ?
Ans: Higher the positive oxidation state of central atom, more will be its Polarizing power which, in turn, increases the covalent character of bond formed between the central atom and the other atom.
29. Why is BiH3 the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of Group 15 elements ?
Ans: Among hidres of group 15 from NH3 to BiH3 as size of central atom Increases M—H bond strength decreases. Hence it act as strong reducing Agent.
30. Why does NH3 act as a Lewis base?
Ans: Due to presence of one lone pair of electron present on Nitrogen
31.Mention the conditions required to maximize the yield of ammonia.
Ans: Optimum Pressure & Optimum Temperature & Removal of ammonia by cooling.
32. How does ammonia react with a solution of Cu2+?
Ans: Cu2+ + 4 NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]+2 and this is deep blue in color.
33. Why does NO2 dimerise ?
Ans: Due to presence one odd electron on Nitrogen of NO2
34. What is the covalence of nitrogen in N2O5 ?
Ans: Covalency is 4 because N is bonded with 4 bonds
35. In what way can it be proved that PH3 is basic in nature?
Ans: Phosphine is weakly basic and like ammonia, gives phosphonium compounds with acids e.g., PH3 + HBr PH4Br
Due to lone pair on phosphorus atom, PH3 is acting as a Lewis base in the above reaction.
36. Bond angle in PH4+ is higher than that in PH3. Why?
Ans: Both are sp3 hybridized. In PH4+ all the four orbital are bonded whereas in PH3 there is a lone pair of electrons on P, which is responsible for lone Pair-bond pair repulsion in PH3 reducing the bond angle to less than 109° 28
37. What happens when white phosphorus is heated with concentrated NaOH?
38. Why does PCl3 fume in moisture?
Ans: PCl3 react with moisture and gives HCl vapours.
PCl3 + 3 H2O H3PO3 + 3 HCl
39. Are all the five bonds in PCl5 molecule equivalent? Justify your answer.
Ans: PCl5 has a trigonal bipyramidal structure and the three equatorial P-Cl bonds are equivalent, while the two axial bonds are different and Longer than equatorial bonds.
40. What happens when PCl5 is heated?
Ans: PCl3 hydrolyses in the presence of moisture giving fumes of HCl. PCl3 + 3 H2O H3PO3 +3HCl
41. Write a balanced equation for the hydrolytic reaction of PCl5 in heavy water.
Ans: PCl5 + D2O POCl3 + 2DCl
42. How do you account for the reducing behavior of H3PO2 on the basis of its structure ?
Ans: In H3PO2, two H atoms are bonded directly to P atom which imparts Reducing character to the acid.
43. What is the basicity of H3PO4?
Ans: Three P–OH groups are present in the molecule of H3PO4. Therefore, its basicity is three.
44. Phosphorous in solid state is ionic, why?
Ans: In the solid state it exists as an ionic solid, [PCl4]+[PCl6]– in which the cation, [PCl4]+ is tetrahedral and the anion, [PCl6]–octahedral.
45. Elements of Group 16 generally show lower value of first ionization enthalpy compared to the corresponding periods of group 15. Why?
Ans: Due to extra stable half-filled p orbital electronic configurations of Group 15 elements, larger amount of energy is required to remove electrons compared to Group 16 elements.
46. H2S is less acidic than H2Te. Why?
Ans: Due to the decrease in bond (E–H) dissociation enthalpy down the group, acidic character increases.
47. List the important sources of sulphur.
Ans: Traces of sulphur occur as hydrogen sulphide in volcanoes. Organic materials such as eggs, proteins, garlic, onion, mustard, hair and wool
contain sulphur.
48. Write the order of thermal stability of the hydrides of Group 16 elements.
Ans; H2O>H2S>H2Se>H2Te>H2Po As atomic size increases E—H bond strength decreases, Hence thermal stability decreases.
49. Why is H2O a liquid and H2S a gas ?
Ans: Because of small size and high electro negativity of oxygen, molecules of water are highly associated through hydrogen bonding resulting in its liquid state.
50. Which of the following does not react with oxygen directly?
Zn, Ti, Pt, Fe
Ans: Pt is a noble metal it do not react with any atmospheric gases.
51.Why does O3 act as a powerful oxidizing agent?
Ans: Due to the ease with which it liberates atoms of nascent oxygen (O3 O2 + O),
it acts as a powerful oxidising agent.
52. How is O3 estimated quantitatively?
Ans: When ozone reacts with an excess of potassium iodide solution buffered with a borate buffer (pH 9.2), iodine is liberated which can be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate. This is a quantitative method for estimating O3 gas.
53. Which form of sulphur shows paramagnetic behavior ?
Ans: In vapour state sulphur partly exists as S2 molecule which has two unpaired electrons in the antibonding * orbitals like O2 and, hence, exhibits paramagnetism.
54. What happens when sulphur dioxide is passed through an aqueous solution of Fe(III) salt?
55. How is the presence of SO2 detected ?
Ans: It is a suffocating odor gas, when SO2 gas passed into lime water it gives Milky white ppt Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
56. Mention three areas in which H2SO4 plays an important role.
Ans: The bulk of sulphuric acid produced is used in the manufacture of fertilizers
(e.g., ammonium sulphate, super phosphate). Other uses are in:
(a) petroleum refining (b) manufacture of pigments, paints and dyestuff
Intermediates (c) detergent industry (d) metallurgical applications
(e.g., cleansing metals before enameling, electroplating and galvanizing
(e) storage batteries
57. Write the conditions to maximize the yield of H2SO4 by Contact process
Ans: The reaction is exothermic, reversible and the forward reaction leads to a decrease in volume. Therefore, low temperature and high pressure are the favourable conditions for maximum yield. But the temperature should not be very low otherwise rate of reaction will become slow
58. Halogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalpy in the respective periods of the periodic table. Why?
Ans: Halogens have the smallest size in their respective periods and therefore high effective nuclear charge. As a consequence, they readily accept one electron to acquire noble gas electronic configuration.
59. Although electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative as compared to chlorine, fluorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine. Why?
Ans: It is due to (i) low enthalpy of dissociation of F-F bond (ii) high hydration enthalpy of F–
60. Fluorine exhibits only –1 oxidation state whereas other halogens exhibit + 1,+ 3, + 5 and + 7 oxidation states also. Explain.
Ans: Fluorine is the most electronegative element and cannot exhibit any Positive oxidation state. Other halogens have d orbitals and therefore, can expand their octets and show + 1, + 3, + 5 and + 7 oxidation states also.
61. Considering the parameters such as bond dissociation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and hydration enthalpy, compare the oxidizing power of F2 andCl2.
Ans: Oxidizing power depends on bond dissociation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and hydration enthalpy out of these Fluorine has more hydration Enthalpy and less bond dissociation energy that can compensate high negative enthalpy of Chlorine .
62. Give two examples to show the anomalous behavior of fluorine.
Ans: Most of the reactions of fluorine are exothermic (due to the small and strong bond formed by it with other elements). It forms only one oxoacid while other halogens form a number of oxoacids. Hydrogen fluoride is a liquid (b.p. 293 K) due to strong hydrogen bonding. Other hydrogen halides are gases.
63. Sea is the greatest source of some halogens. Comment.
Ans: Various minerals of halogens from soil are soluble in river water hence sea gets large amount of halogens in the dissolved form.
64. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Cl2 with hot and Concentrated NaOH. Is this reaction a disproportionate reaction? Justify.
Ans: 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
Yes, chlorine from zero oxidation state is changed to –1 and +5
oxidation states.
65. When HCl reacts with finely powdered iron, it forms ferrous chloride and not ferric chloride. Why?
Ans: Its reaction with iron produces H2.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Liberation of hydrogen prevents the formation of ferric chloride.
66. Deduce the molecular shape of BrF3 on the basis of VSEPR theory.
2 lp and 3 bp as VSPER theory it has trigonal bipyramydal shape.
67. Why is ICl more reactive than I2?
Ans: In general, interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens due to weaker X–X1 bonding than X–X bond. Thus, ICl is more reactive than I2.
68. Why are the elements of Group 18 known as noble gases ?
Ans: The elements present in Group 18 have their valence shell orbital completely filled and, therefore, react with a few elements only under certain conditions. Therefore, they are now known as noble gases.
69. Noble gases have very low boiling points. Why?
Ans: Noble gases being monatomic have no interatomic forces except weak dispersion forces and therefore, they are liquefied at very low Temperatures. Hence, they have low boiling points.
70. Does the hydrolysis of XeF6 lead to a redox reaction?
Ans: No, the products of hydrolysis are XeOF4 and XeO2F2 where the oxidation states of all the elements remain the same as it was in the reacting state.
71. Why is helium used in diving apparatus?
Ans: It is used as a diluent for oxygen in modern diving apparatus because of its Very low solubility in blood.
72. Balance the following equation: XeF6 + H2O XeO2F2 + HF
Ans: XeF6 + 2H2O XeO2F2 + 4HF
73. Why has it been difficult to study the chemistry of radon?
Ans: Radon is radioactive with very short half-life which makes the study of Chemistry of radon difficult.
74. Halogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalpy in the respective periods of the periodic table. Why?
Ans: Halogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalpy in the
corresponding periods. This is due to the fact that the atoms of these
elements have only one electron less than stable noble gas configurations.
75. AgCl is soluble in water, where as it is soluble in aqueous ammonia solution.
Ans: Ammonia react with AgCl forms [Ag(NH3)2]Cl complex which is soluble in water.
76. Give the reason for bleaching action of Cl2.
Ans: Chlorine water on standing loses its yellow colour due to the
formation of HCl and HOCl. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) so formed, gives nascent oxygen which is responsible for oxidising and bleaching properties of chlorine.
77. Name two poisonous gases which can be prepared from chlorine gas.
Ans: poisonous gases such as phosgene (COCl2), tear gas (CCl3NO2),
mustard gas (ClCH2CH2SCH2CH2Cl).
78. Why does the reactivity of nitrogen differ from phosphorus?
Ans: Nitrogen can form multiple bonds and has more bond dissociation energy due to which it is less reactive. Phosphorous can not form multiple bonds.
79. Why does NH3 form hydrogen bond but PH3 does not?
Ans: Electronegetivity of N is more than P.
80. The HNH angle value is higher than HPH, HAsH and HSbH angles. Why?
Ans: Due to more electronegative nature of Nitrogen it causes more repulsion, hence bond angle is more.
81. Why does R3P = O exist but R3N = O does not (R = alkyl group)?
Ans: Nitrogen can not form d-p multiple bond due absence of empty d - orbitals.
82. Explain why NH3 is basic while BiH3 is only feebly basic.
Ans: Due to small size of ‘N’ it has more electron density and act as strong base.
83. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as P4. Why?
Ans: ‘N’ can form multiple bonds where as P can not hence its tri valency it utilized in tetrahedron structure.
84. Give the disproportionate reaction of H3PO3.
Ans: phosphorous acid on heating disproportionates to give orthophosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid) and phosphine.
85. Can PCl5 act as an oxidizing as well as a reducing agent? Justify.
Ans: In PCl5 oxidation state of P is +5, it can not increase its oxidation state more than it hence it can not act as reducing agent. But it can change its oxidation state to +3 and act as oxidizing agent.
86. Why is dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid?
Ans: Due to small size Oxygen can form multiple bonds where as S can’t hence S bond with S8 molecule and exist in solid..
87. Why are halogens strong oxidizing agents?
Ans: Since halogens are having high electron gain enthalpy they act as strong oxidizing agents.
88. Explain why fluorine forms only one oxoacid, HOF.
Ans: ‘F’ can form only -1 oxidation state, due to small size and absence of empty d – orbitals , hence it forms only one oxoacid HOF
89. Explain why in spite of nearly the same electro negativity, oxygen forms Hydrogen bonding while chlorine does not.
Ans: Due to small size of Oxygen as compared to Sulphur.
90. Why are halogens colored?
Ans: All halogens are coloured. This is due to absorption of radiations in visible region which results in the excitation of outer electrons to higher energy level. By absorbing different quanta of radiation, they display different colours. For example, F2, has yellow, Cl2 , greenish yellow, Br2, red and I2, violet colour.
91. What inspired N. Bartlett for carrying out reaction between Xe and PtF6?
Ans: In March 1962, Neil Bartlett, then at the University of British Columbia, observed
the reaction of a noble gas. First, he prepared a red compound which is formulated as
O2+PtF6–. He, then realised that the first ionization enthalpy of molecular oxygen (1175
kJmol–1) was almost identical with that of xenon (1170 kJ mol–1). He made efforts to
prepare same type of compound with Xe and was successful in preparing another red
colour compound Xe+PtF6 – by mixing PtF6 and xenon. After this discovery, a number of xenon compounds mainly with most electronegative elements like fluorine and oxygen, have been synthesised.
92. With what neutral molecule is ClO– isoelectronic? Is that molecule a Lewis base?
Ans: ClF is isoelectronic with ClO- and it has lone pairs hence act as Lewis base.
93. Arrange the following in the order of property indicated for each set:
(i) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 - increasing bond dissociation enthalpy.
(ii) HF, HCl, HBr, HI - increasing acid strength.
(iii) NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3 – increasing base strength.
Ans: (i) Cl2> Br2>F2>I2 As atomic size increases bond dissociation energy Decreases and since F is extremely small size and cause repulsion Between lone pairs of two F atoms of F2 molecule.
(ii) HF<HBr<HCl<HI as atomic size increases from F to I bond strength decreases and acidity increases.
(iii) BiH3<SbH3<AsH3<PH3<NH3 as size increases from N to Bi electron density decreases and basesity decreases.
94. Give the formula and describe the structure of a noble gas species which is isostructural with:
(i) ICl4- (ii) IBr2-(iii) BrO3-
Ans: (i) XeCl4 ( 2lp + 4 bp =6, sp3d2occupied with 2 lone pairs over all geometry is square planar)
(ii) XeBr2 (2bp+4lp=6, sp3d2occupied with 2 lone pairs over all
geometry is linear)
(iii) XeO3 (3bp+ 1lp=4, sp3 occupied by one lone pair, pyramidal shape.
95. Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes?
Ans: Noble gases exist as mono atomic gases, there is no overlapping of atomic orbitals like in other compounds. Here atomic radius is considered as vander waal’s radii. Hence atomic radii are comparatively large.
96. Why does the reactivity of nitrogen differ from phosphorus?
Ans: Due to small size, multiple bond formation, absence of empty d- orbitals.
97. The increase in the atomic size from As to Bi is small as compare from N to P, justify your answer.
Ans: There is a considerable increase in covalent radius from N to P. However, from As to Bi only a small increase in covalent radius is observed. This is due to the presence of completely filled d and/or f orbitals in heavier members.
98. Why N differs in its properties as compare with rest of elements of goup 15.
Ans: Nitrogen differs from the rest of the members of this group due to its smaller size, high electronegativity, high ionisation enthalpy and non-availability of d orbitals.
99. Except N other elements of group 15 don’t form p- p multiple bond. Explain?
Ans: Heavier elements of this group do not form p- p bonds as their atomic orbitals
are so large and diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping.
100. Why N–N bond is weaker than the single P–P bond?
Ans: N–N bond is weaker than the single P–P bond because of high inter electronic
repulsion of the non-bonding electrons, owing to the small bond length.
101. N has low catenation as compare with C. Comment.
Ans: Due to its weak N-N single bond energy.
102. Based on what property white phosphorous is used in Holmes signals & smoke screens?
Ans: It under goes spontaneous combustion.
103. Red P is chemically less reactive compare with White P. Give reason.
Ans: Due to its polymeric structure it will have more bonds to break in chemical reactin.
104. oxygen exists as diatomic molecule (O2) whereas sulphur exists as polyatomic molecule (S8). Give reason.
Ans: oxygen exists as diatomic molecule (O2) whereas sulphur exists as polyatomic molecule (S8) because due to large size of S it cannot form multiple bonds.
105. Why oxygen shows anomalous behavior as compare with its congeners ?
Ans: It is due to its small size, High Electro negativity, More Ionization Enthalpy and absence of empty d- orbitals.
106. The stability of + 6 oxidation state decreases down the group and stability of
+ 4 oxidation state increase in group 16, Explain.
Ans: It is due to inert pair effect.
107. During dilution of sulphuric acid it must be added to water but water should not be added to acid. Explain?
Ans: It dissolves in water with the evolution of a large quantity of heat. Hence, care must be taken while preparing sulphuric acid solution from concentrated sulphuric acid. The concentrated acid must be added slowly into water with constant stirring
108. Ionic character of metal halides decreases from MF to MI. Give reason.
Ans: The ionic character of the halides decreases in the order
MF >MCl > MBr > MI where M is a monovalent metal. As electronegetivity/Electron gain enthalpy decreases Ionic character increases.
109. Ionic character of Metal chlorides decreases as oxidation state increases,Explain.
Ans: As oxidation state increases Ionization energy increases hence ionic Character decreases. the halides in higher oxidation state will be more covalent than the one in lower oxidation state .For e.g., SnCl4, PbCl4, SbCl5 and UF6 are more covalent than SnCl2, PbCl2, SbCl3 and UF4 respectively.
By: Mr. J.S.Sidhu
(M.Sc -chemistry,B.Ed)
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